Description of the risk factors of children's growth and development

The growth and development of children is very important, as this would form the foundation for the quality of future generations in the nation. The slightest developmental disorders in infancy, if not detected and not handled properly will lead to a bad impact. Various genetic and environmental factors influence Toddler growth and development. Purpose: To distinguish the description of the risk factors related to child growth and development. Method: This research uses quantitative method. The design of the research is based on a cross-sectional approach in the analysis survey design. In the study, all toddlers under 59 month old were collected using a total of 366 samples in 2020 at the Ngalang Village, Gedangsari public health center and Gunungkidul Regency. Data analysis used univariate analysis of frequency distribution.

Pit latrines may be a potential risk in rural China and low-income countries when dealing with COVID-19.

According to the latest reports, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which caused coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), was successfully isolated from the excreta (stool and urine) of COVID-19 patients, suggesting SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted through excreta contaminated water. As pit latrines and the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer were common in rural China, we surveyed 27 villages of Jiangxi and Hubei provinces and found that pit latrines could be a potential source of SARS-CoV-2 water pollution. Recently, bats have been widely recognized as the source of SARS-CoV-2. There were many possible intermediate hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including pangolin, snake, bird and fish, but which one was still not clear exactly. Here, we proposed a hypothesis to illustrate the mechanism that SARS-CoV-2 might spread from the excreta of infected humans in pit latrines to potential animal hosts, thus becoming a sustainable source of infection in rural China. Therefore, we believe that abolishing pit latrines and banning the use of untreated excreta as fertilizer can improve the local living environment and effectively prevent COVID-19 and other potential waterborne diseases that could emanate from the excreta of infected persons. Although this study focused on rural areas in China, the results could also be applied to low-income countries, especially in Africa.